Does predation risk affect spatial use in an introduced ungulate species? The case of a Mediterranean mouflon alpine colony

Abstract Predation risk is known to affect the spatial use of prey species, imposing a trade-off between feeding requirements and predation avoidance. As result, species can leave high-quality forage areas sub-optimal, but safer, habitat patches, defined as “refuge areas.” In this study, we describe changes in an introduced ungulate Mediterranean mouflon Ovis aries musimon, following recolonization (in 1996) wolves Canis lupus into Albergian Hunting Estate (Italian Western Alps). Since 1988, monitored population by spring counts from vantage points. We georeferenced all observations recorded size structure spotted groups. Finally, identified available refuges selecting patches characterized (i) presence rocks (ii) high values steepness ruggedness. found that mouflons significantly reduced average distance refuge over years, with yearly being 56% lower after recolonized area (i.e., 93.8 ± 32.1 vs. 213.1 40.9 m). The analysis orographic parameters showed used higher elevation, slope, ruggedness, significant difference three when comparing years pre post wolf return. Both sexes were affected, ewes particularly sensitive selected closer (75.8 30.3 m) than males (131.0 53.6 Our results suggest new predators alter distribution such mouflon, triggering resurgence anti-predation behavior.